Mr 10 Departure Betwixt Fish As Well As Gish

Fluorescence inwards situ hybridization (FISH) vs Genomic inwards situ hybridization (GISH)

In situ hybridization techniques, such every bit fluorescence inwards situ hybridization (FISH) in addition to genomic inwards situ hybridization (GISH), is widely used to set chromosome morphologies in addition to sequences, total in addition to distribution of diverse types of chromatin inwards chromosomes, in addition to genome organisation during the metaphase stage of meiosis.

Fluorescence inwards situ hybridization (FISH) is a laboratory techniques for detecting in addition to locating a specific deoxyribonucleic acid sequence or a factor on a chromosome inside a person’s genome.
The technique relies on exposing chromosomes to a minor deoxyribonucleic acid sequence called a probe that has a fluorescent molecule attached to it.
FISH helps scientist to visualize the location of detail factor to banking concern check for a multifariousness of chromosomal abnormalities.

Summary of steps
1. Cells cultured, harvested, prepared on microscopic slides in addition to are denatured (now deoxyribonucleic acid is unmarried stranded for probe attachment)
Cells on metaphase stage of segmentation is selected (as maximum condensation on metaphase stage)
2. Fluorescently labeled hybridization probe is added
(The hybridization probe is a brusk fragment of deoxyribonucleic acid that has a fluorescent dye attached that enable scientist to visualize the site of probe attachment. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 typical FISH probe would hold out 10 - 100 kb long)
3. If the deoxyribonucleic acid corresponding to the probe is introduce inwards the sample, in addition to then the fluorescently labeled probe volition attach to the deoxyribonucleic acid in addition to volition hold out visible nether a fluorescent microscope.
4. This allows deletions (no fluorescent location at the expected position) in addition to rearrangements (spot present, but inwards an unexpected chromosomal location) to hold out detected. Thus helps inwards diagnosis of genetic diseases.

Figure. An representative of FISH-treated metaphase chromosomes: Here, chromosomes 1, 2, in addition to four were labeled yellowish amongst FISH in addition to the other chromosomes were stained red. Translocations betwixt yellowish in addition to blood-red chromosomes are detected. The left film represents a normal prison theatre cellular telephone (the numbers inwards the figure dot chromosome numbers) in addition to the correct film is an representative of reciprocal translocation amongst 2 bi-color chromosomes (indicated past times 2 arrows). http://www.rerf.jp/dept/genetics/fish_e.html

Applications:

• To give away chromosomal aberrations or abnormalities inwards humans
• To report somaclonal variation* inwards plants
• In chromosome mapping

Genome inwards situ hybridization (GISH) is an inwards situ hybridization method that uses whole genomic deoxyribonucleic acid every bit a probe to report the relationships, deviation in addition to development of the genome betwixt dissimilar species.


Summary of Steps

• Extraction of full genomic deoxyribonucleic acid of 1 of the species of involvement (to hold out used every bit probe)
• Chromosome preparations of the species 2 beingness studied
• Repeated sequences inwards both species anneal chop-chop than the unique sequences of the genome
• Thus helps inwards assessing genome human relationship betwixt species

Applications

• GISH allows characterization of the genome in addition to chromosome of hybrid plats in addition to recombinant breeding lines
• Helps inwards assessing phylogenetic human relationship betwixt dissimilar species of plants

Reference
· Devi, J., Ko, J. M., & Seo, B. B. (2005). FISH in addition to GISH: Modern cytogenetic techniques. Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 4(3), 307.
· Younis, A., Ramzan, F., Hwang, Y. J., & Lim, K. B. (2015). FISH in addition to GISH: molecular cytogenetic tools in addition to their applications inwards ornamental plants. Plant Cell Reports, 34(9), 1477-1488.
· http://www.geneticseducation.nhs.uk/laboratory-process-and-testing-techniques/fish
· Snowdon, R. J., Köhler, A., Köhler, W., & Friedt, W. (1999). FISHing for novel rapeseed lines: the application of molecular cytogenetic techniques to Brassica breeding. New horizons for an quondam crop. Proc tenth Int Rapeseed Congr. The Regional Institute, Gosford, NSW, Australia. (GISH icon credit)
*Somaclonal variation: genetic variation inwards plants raised past times tissue culture.